An remoted human skull, dated to the early Eneolithic interval, was found in 2015 on the high of a vertical shaft within the pure Marcel Loubens gypsum Cave (Bologna space, northern Italy). No different anthropological or archaeological stays have been discovered contained in the cave. In different caves of the identical space anthropic and funerary use are attested from prehistory to newer durations. We targeted on investigating the circumstances surrounding the loss of life of this particular person, because the skull reveals indicators of some lesions that seem like the outcomes of a perimortem manipulation in all probability carried out to take away smooth tissues.
Anthropological analyses revealed that the skull belonged to a younger girl. We analysed the taphonomic options and geological context to grasp how and why the skull ended up (by accident or deliberately) within the cave. The analyses of each the sediments collected contained in the skull and the incrustations and pigmentation overlaying its outer floor urged that it fell into the cave, drawn by a move of water and dirt, seemingly from the sides of a doline. The unintentional nature of the occasion can be seemingly confirmed by some autopsy lesions on the skull. The comparability with different Eneolithic archaeological websites in northern Italy made it doable to interpret the discover as seemingly being from a funerary or ritual context, during which corpse dismemberment (specifically the displacement of crania) was practiced.
Forensic anthropology consists of, amongst different functions, the optimistic identification of unknown human skeletal stays. Step one on this course of is an evaluation of the organic profile, that’s: intercourse, age, stature and ancestry. In forensic contexts, age estimation is without doubt one of the predominant challenges within the technique of identification. Not too long ago established admissibility standards are driving researchers in direction of standardisation of methodological procedures. Regardless of these adjustments, expertise nonetheless performs a central function in anthropological examinations. In an effort to keep away from this situation, age estimation procedures (i) have to be introduced to the scientific group and revealed in peer reviewed journals, (ii) precisely defined by way of process and (iii) current clear details about the accuracy of the estimation and doable error charges.
In an effort to fulfil all these necessities, quite a few strategies primarily based on physiological processes which lead to biochemical adjustments in numerous tissue constructions on the molecular degree, corresponding to modifications in DNA-methylation and telomere shortening, racemization of proteins and secure isotopes evaluation, have been developed. The present work proposes a brand new systematic strategy in age estimation primarily based on tracing physicochemical and mechanical degeneration of the rib cortical bone matrix.
This examine used post-mortem materials from 113 rib specimens. A set of 33 parameters have been measured by normal bio-mechanical (nanoindentation and microindentation), bodily (TGA/DSC, XRD and FTIR) and histomorphometry (porosity-ImageJ) strategies. Stepwise regressions have been used to create equations that might produce the most effective ‘estimates of age at loss of life’ vs actual age of the cadavers. 5 equations have been produced; in the most effective of instances an equation counting 7 parameters had an R2 = 0.863 and imply absolute error of 4.64 years. The current methodology meets all of the admissibility standards beforehand described. Moreover, the strategy is experience-independent and as such might be carried out with out earlier skilled data of forensic anthropology and human anatomy.
Medicine in bone: Detectability of gear of toxicological curiosity in numerous states of preservation
In forensic contexts of superior decomposition, when standard matrices are now not out there for toxicological analyses, discovering various matrices is important. The skeleton, which is key for anthropologists and geneticists, might be helpful additionally for toxicological functions. The current examine goals to look at what sort of info toxicological evaluation carried out on bones (the skull and the ribs) in numerous states of preservation might present to the forensic practitioner.
Thirty cadavers with recognized pharmacological historical past, subjected to forensic post-mortem on the Institute of Authorized Drugs of Milan, have been chosen. Rib and skull samples have been collected from every physique and separated into two elements to be able to create two completely different states of preservation: One was cleaned from smooth tissues and analyzed as a well-preserved bone pattern; the opposite was submitted to a protracted maceration course of, simulating full skeletonization.
All specimens have been then processed with accelerated solvent extraction and the eluates analyzed utilizing Q-Exactive™ Orbitrap™ Mass Spectrometer. The evaluation of blood and skeletal matrices confirmed optimistic outcomes for the examined substances in 63% of instances, primarily benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and drug abuse. Important Pearson correlations have been noticed between non-macerated vs. macerated bone samples: r = 0.79 for rib samples, r = 0.61 for skull samples, and r = 0.69 for all bone samples. As a consequence, the optimistic outcomes verify the potential of the bone tissue instead matrix in forensic toxicology, even in instances of extraordinarily decomposed our bodies. This examine additionally highlighted vital parts for reconstructing the organic profile in instances of forensic anthropological concern.
Patterning of fractures in a case of intimate accomplice murder (IPH)
South Africa is a rustic overwhelmed by crime and violence, with very excessive incidences of abuse towards girls and kids. It isn’t usually {that a} case of intimate accomplice murder is seen in a forensic anthropological context. Right here, we report on such a case the place the stays of the sufferer had been buried for a while. The sufferer was a middle-aged feminine, whereas the suspect was a youthful grownup male. The deceased had suffered huge, repeated trauma throughout her lifetime with healed fractures and proof of sentimental tissue trauma to nearly all elements of her physique.
 Western Blot Kit |
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| 20-abx098123 | Abbexa |
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 Western Blot Enhancing Kit |
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| K3172120 | Biochain | 1200 cm2 | EUR 143 |
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Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation. |
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Western Blot Enhancing Kit |
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| K3172250 | Biochain | 2500 cm2 | EUR 188 |
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Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation. |
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 Custom siRNA |
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| M1253-2 | Biovision | EUR 311 | |
 Interferon alpha Western Blot Antibody |
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| 20-abx137014 | Abbexa |
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 Hypersensitive Western Blot Chemiluminescent Substrate |
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| CR0001-10 | BosterBio | 20mL (sufficient reagents for 4000 cm2 of membrane) | EUR 167 |
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Hypersensitive Western Blot Chemiluminescent Substrate |
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| CR0001-25 | BosterBio | 50mL (sufficient reagents for 10000 cm2 of membrane) | EUR 314 |
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Hypersensitive Western Blot Chemiluminescent Substrate |
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| CR0001-5 | BosterBio | 10mL (sufficient reagents for 2000 cm2 of membrane) | EUR 116 |
 AgileBlotter? Automated Western Blot Processor |
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| ACT-ABH-40 | ACTGene | EUR 16939 | |
 TMB Substrate, for Western Blot |
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| F100029 | Cygnus Technologies | 1000 ml | EUR 827 |
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Description: TMB Substrate, for Western Blot by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
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TMB Substrate, for Western Blot |
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| F129-100 | Cygnus Technologies | 100 ml | EUR 249 |
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Description: TMB Substrate, for Western Blot by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
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) PDCD4 Western Blot kit (AWBK09045) |
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| AWBK09045 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ETS1 Western Blot kit (AWBK100604) |
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| AWBK100604 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ERG Western Blot kit (AWBK100625) |
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| AWBK100625 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) GABRP Western Blot kit (AWBK13034) |
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| AWBK13034 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) HTR1A Western Blot kit (AWBK13041) |
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| AWBK13041 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) RAB14 Western Blot kit (AWBK13107) |
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| AWBK13107 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) TNRC4 Western Blot kit (AWBK31525) |
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| AWBK31525 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ESRRG Western Blot kit (AWBK31655) |
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| AWBK31655 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) GLI2 Western Blot kit (AWBK31885) |
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| AWBK31885 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) PAX4 Western Blot kit (AWBK32064) |
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| AWBK32064 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) AHR Western Blot kit (AWBK32243) |
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| AWBK32243 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) GLI1 Western Blot kit (AWBK32368) |
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| AWBK32368 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) PAX7 Western Blot kit (AWBK32393) |
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| AWBK32393 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) LHX6 Western Blot kit (AWBK32553) |
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| AWBK32553 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) HIPK2 Western Blot kit (AWBK32586) |
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| AWBK32586 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) PAX7 Western Blot kit (AWBK32742) |
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| AWBK32742 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ZFP67 Western Blot kit (AWBK32749) |
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| AWBK32749 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) OLIG2 Western Blot kit (AWBK32753) |
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| AWBK32753 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ENG Western Blot kit (AWBK33068) |
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| AWBK33068 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) SOX5 Western Blot kit (AWBK33323) |
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| AWBK33323 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) SOX10 Western Blot kit (AWBK33326) |
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| AWBK33326 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) RPS16 Western Blot kit (AWBK33535) |
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| AWBK33535 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ATP7A Western Blot kit (AWBK33797) |
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| AWBK33797 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) A1BG Western Blot kit (AWBK33810) |
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| AWBK33810 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) NPM1 Western Blot kit (AWBK34094) |
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| AWBK34094 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) LIG4 Western Blot kit (AWBK34122) |
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| AWBK34122 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) RNF2 Western Blot kit (AWBK34290) |
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| AWBK34290 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ZFP36 Western Blot kit (AWBK34385) |
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| AWBK34385 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ARIH2 Western Blot kit (AWBK34418) |
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| AWBK34418 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) KEAP1 Western Blot kit (AWBK34728) |
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| AWBK34728 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) CLIC1 Western Blot kit (AWBK35045) |
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| AWBK35045 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) KCNN2 Western Blot kit (AWBK35094) |
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| AWBK35094 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) CLCN3 Western Blot kit (AWBK35504) |
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| AWBK35504 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) P2RX7 Western Blot kit (AWBK35518) |
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| AWBK35518 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) TRPM3 Western Blot kit (AWBK35609) |
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| AWBK35609 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) PITX2 Western Blot kit (AWBK35634) |
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| AWBK35634 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ILF2 Western Blot kit (AWBK35731) |
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| AWBK35731 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ONECUT2 Western Blot kit (AWBK35750) |
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| AWBK35750 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ZFP42 Western Blot kit (AWBK36244) |
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| AWBK36244 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ANXA1 Western Blot kit (AWBK36568) |
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| AWBK36568 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) SPP1 Western Blot kit (AWBK36677) |
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| AWBK36677 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) RUNX2 Western Blot kit (AWBK36678) |
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| AWBK36678 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ZBP1 Western Blot kit (AWBK36711) |
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| AWBK36711 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) Bapx1 Western Blot kit (AWBK36826) |
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| AWBK36826 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) G3BP Western Blot kit (AWBK37713) |
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| AWBK37713 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) TWIST1 Western Blot kit (AWBK37997) |
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| AWBK37997 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ID4 Western Blot kit (AWBK38058) |
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| AWBK38058 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) SATB1 Western Blot kit (AWBK38208) |
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| AWBK38208 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) EED Western Blot kit (AWBK38384) |
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| AWBK38384 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) TARDBP Western Blot kit (AWBK38941) |
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| AWBK38941 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) TARDBP Western Blot kit (AWBK38942) |
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| AWBK38942 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) BRD7 Western Blot kit (AWBK39018) |
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| AWBK39018 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) JMJD3 Western Blot kit (AWBK40102) |
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| AWBK40102 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) SNRP70 Western Blot kit (AWBK40439) |
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| AWBK40439 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) SSB Western Blot kit (AWBK40462) |
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| AWBK40462 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) STAU1 Western Blot kit (AWBK40537) |
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| AWBK40537 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) PCBP1 Western Blot kit (AWBK40630) |
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| AWBK40630 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) HNRPLL Western Blot kit (AWBK41102) |
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| AWBK41102 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) MSI2 Western Blot kit (AWBK41112) |
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| AWBK41112 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) HNRPA3 Western Blot kit (AWBK41195) |
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| AWBK41195 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) WNT2B Western Blot kit (AWBK41254) |
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| AWBK41254 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) GNB1L Western Blot kit (AWBK41328) |
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| AWBK41328 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) SLC12A1 Western Blot kit (AWBK41388) |
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| AWBK41388 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) TPM1 Western Blot kit (AWBK41392) |
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| AWBK41392 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) CEACAM6 Western Blot kit (AWBK41504) |
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| AWBK41504 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) SLC22A1 Western Blot kit (AWBK41516) |
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| AWBK41516 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) STK11 Western Blot kit (AWBK41743) |
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| AWBK41743 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) OTC Western Blot kit (AWBK41766) |
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| AWBK41766 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) TSHR Western Blot kit (AWBK41870) |
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| AWBK41870 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) RHOBTB1 Western Blot kit (AWBK41883) |
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| AWBK41883 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) KRT13 Western Blot kit (AWBK42031) |
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| AWBK42031 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
|
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) IDH3A Western Blot kit (AWBK42237) |
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| AWBK42237 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
|
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) SLC1A5 Western Blot kit (AWBK42247) |
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| AWBK42247 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) PBEF1 Western Blot kit (AWBK42255) |
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| AWBK42255 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) FST Western Blot kit (AWBK42287) |
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| AWBK42287 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
|
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) SLC22A7 Western Blot kit (AWBK42306) |
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| AWBK42306 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) ASPN Western Blot kit (AWBK42487) |
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| AWBK42487 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) RSAD2 Western Blot kit (AWBK42696) |
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| AWBK42696 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
|
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) PANX2 Western Blot kit (AWBK42778) |
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| AWBK42778 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
|
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) PANX1 Western Blot kit (AWBK42783) |
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| AWBK42783 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) TGFBI Western Blot kit (AWBK44268) |
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| AWBK44268 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
|
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) PTPN2 Western Blot kit (AWBK45362) |
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| AWBK45362 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) RORA Western Blot kit (AWBK45608) |
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| AWBK45608 | Aviva Systems Biology | 10 reactions | EUR 647 |
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Description:
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) Chemiluminescent Western Blot Kit (OKRA00001) |
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| OKRA00001 | Aviva Systems Biology | 1 kit | EUR 570 |
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Description: Description of target: ;Species reactivity: ;Application: ;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
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) Chemiluminescent Western Blot Kit (OKRA00002) |
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| OKRA00002 | Aviva Systems Biology | 1 kit | EUR 570 |
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Description: Description of target: ;Species reactivity: ;Application: ;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
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) Chemiluminescent Western Blot Kit (OKRA00003) |
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| OKRA00003 | Aviva Systems Biology | 1 kit | EUR 570 |
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Description: Description of target: ;Species reactivity: ;Application: ;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
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) Chemiluminescent Western Blot Kit (OKRA00004) |
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| OKRA00004 | Aviva Systems Biology | 1 kit | EUR 570 |
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Description: Description of target: ;Species reactivity: ;Application: ;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: |
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A partly healed rib fracture signifies that the abuse continued till shortly earlier than her loss of life. She finally succumbed after struggling trauma to her head and face after reportedly being hit by a brick, proof of which might be seen as perimortem fractures of the face. It is vital for forensic anthropologists to establish particular patterns and report on the presence of healed fractures, as they’ll elevate suspicion as to the potential of persistent abuse. On this case, the proof suggests a really lengthy interval of maximum and repeated trauma, which have been apparently not reported or observed by members of the family or the medical fraternity.